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New design programs blank Gold wafer smart cards By PETER SMITH Smart card reader & programmer This unit allows you to program both the microcontroller and EEPROM in the popular “Gold” wafer smart cards. It hooks up to the serial port of your PC and can be operated as a freestanding unit or installed in a PC drive bay. B ACK IN THE January 2003 issue of SILICON CHIP, we described a basic smart card reader and programmer that is capable of accessing the EEPROM (data) memory component of Gold wafer cards over a Phoenix-type interface. This type of programmer is all that’s needed for cards that contain pre-programmed PICs. For blank cards, how22  Silicon Chip ever, it’s only half of the solution. Read on to find out why. Smart card smarts Smart cards come in dozens of different configurations, with different microcontrollers, memory sizes and even contact positions. However, the cards that we’re interested in conform to a recognised set of ISO standards, described in ISO-7816 and entitled “Identification Cards – Integrated Circuit Cards with Contacts”. Parts 1-3 of this document define things like physical dimensions, contact size and position, and interface AC & DC characteristics. They also describe the protocol used to exchange information across the card interface. Gold wafer cards Due to their lower cost and available software support, this project targets the “Gold” wafer smart card variety. The Gold card incorporates just two ICs: a PIC16F84(A) and a 24(L)C16 EEPROM. Reproduced from the January 2003 article, Fig.1 depicts the internal insiliconchip.com.au terconnections. As you can see, the EEPROM is not wired to the interface contacts but is controlled exclusively by the PIC. In a real application, the PIC is programmed with a card operating system. The function of this operating system depends entirely on the card’s application but at least one of its tasks is to provide access to EEPROM data via the interface. With this arrangement, the requirements for EEPROM access are quite straightforward. They entail a relatively simple hardware interface to the card and some software that can speak the ISO protocol. This was the basis of the first reader/programmer design. Blank cards But what happens if the PIC’s program (Flash) memory is blank? With no card operating system, how do we access the EEPROM? The answer is, of course, that it can’t be done with this type of card (or with the original reader/programmer design). So how is the PIC programmed? Well, the connections between the PIC and the card contacts have been designed for dual purposes. As well as supporting “normal” operation, they also allow the PIC to be programmed in-circuit. Unlike the previous design, then, this new design includes the ability to program the PIC on a blank card. Of course, you can also erase and reprogram the PIC on a used card too, if so desired. Fig.1: this diagram shows the internals of a Gold wafer card. If you want to know more about the PIC16F84A and 24LC16 chips, detailed data sheets can be downloaded from www.microchip.com Smartmouse or Phoenix-type interface is required. On the other hand, to read or program the PIC’s internal memories, a PIC programming interface is required. Our design solves this conundrum by providing both types of interfaces. A 4-pole 2-position pushbutton switch (S1) is used to select between the two interfaces, or “modes”. Fig.2 shows the circuit details for the Smart Card Reader/Programmer. This shows S1 set to the Smartmouse/ Phoenix (“normal”) position so we’ll look at the circuit operation in this mode first. Smartmouse/Phoenix mode In this mode, the interface consists of four signal lines: I/O (Input/Output), CLK (Clock), RST (Reset) and Card Detect. All information exchange between the card and the outside world occurs in half-duplex serial format on the I/O interface line. To help with the explanation, we’ll refer to this information as “data”. However, actual information exchange may consist of commands (to the card), status (from the card) and EEPROM memory data (to and from the card). Data from the PC to the smart card is transmitted on the serial port TXD line. It arrives on CON4 (pin 3) and is converted to digital logic levels by the 15kΩ & 100kΩ resistors and clamp diodes D4 & D5. IC2f buffers and inverts the data and it is then applied to the smart card I/O (C7) line via a 4.7kΩ isolation resistor and S1d. Tracing the I/O line back from the smart card socket, it connects to pin 11 of IC1 via a 470Ω resistor. This path carries data from the smart card back to the PC. It is transmitted on the serial port RXD line (CON4, pin 2) after conversion to RS232 voltage PC connection Initially, Gold cards and their predecessors were designed for use in set-top boxes and the like. However, it wasn’t long before someone interfaced one to a PC serial port and wrote some software to access the internals. This is probably the origin of the so-called “Phoenix” interface. With a tiny change to the Phoenix interface, it becomes a “Smartmouse” interface, another popular “standard” among the card community. Our new design is compatible with both of these interfaces. How it works As outlined earlier, the cards that we wish to read and write contain two separate ICs: a PIC microcontroller and an EEPROM. To access the EEPROM, a siliconchip.com.au We fitted our prototype to a standard 3.5-inch to 5.25-inch drive mounting kit which was then slotted into a spare drive bay. July 2003  23 Parts List 1 PC board, code 07107031, 141mm x 101mm 1 ICA-700 smart card socket (landing contact style) (CON1) 1 9-way 90° PC-mount female ‘D’ connector (CON4) 1 4PDT PC-mount slide switch with green LED indicator (S1 & LED3) 2 M205 fuse clips 1 M205 500mA quick blow fuse 2 3-way 2.54mm SIL header strips 2 jumper shunts 1 9-way RS232 cable (D9 male to D9 female, see text) 240mm (approx.) length of 0.71mm tinned copper wire Semiconductors 1 MAX232 RS232 receiver/driver IC (IC1) 2 74HC04 hex inverters (IC2, IC3) 1 2N3906 PNP transistor (Q1) 1 2N3904 NPN transistor (Q2) 1 78L05 +5V regulator (REG1) 1 1N4004 diode (D1) 4 1N4148 diodes (D2-D5) 1 13V 1W zener diode (ZD1) 1 3.579545MHz crystal (X1) 1 6MHz crystal (X2) 1 3mm red LED (LED1) 1 3mm yellow LED (LED2) Capacitors 1 100µF 25V PC electrolytic 2 10µF 16V PC electrolytic 7 1µF 50V monolithic ceramic 1 220nF (0.22µF) 50V monolithic ceramic 1 100nF (0.1µF) 50V monolithic levels by IC1, a MAX232 receiver/ driver IC. Before communication can be established with a card, it must first be initialised to a known state. This is accomplished with the Reset signal, which is controlled by the serial port RTS line (CON4, pin 7). Again, IC1 converts this to a logic-compatible (0-5V) level, after which it is applied to the RST (C2) line of the card via switch S1b. With jumper JP1 positioned as shown, the RST signal polarity is compatible with the Phoenix-type interface. However, by moving the jumper to position 2-3, the RST signal 24  Silicon Chip ceramic 2 22pF 50V ceramic disc Resistors (0.25W, 1%) 1 1MΩ 3 4.7kΩ 1 100kΩ 2 1.5kΩ 3 47kΩ 3 1kΩ 1 15kΩ 6 470Ω 1 10kΩ 1 47Ω Additional parts for freestanding version 1 2.5mm PC-mount DC socket (CON2) 9V DC 150mA (min.) plugpack 4 small stick-on rubber feet Additional parts for PC drive bay-mounted version 1 90° PC-mount disk drive power connector (CON3) 1 3.5-inch to 5.25-inch disk drive mounting adapter & screws (Jaycar XC-4630 & www. pccasegear.com.au) 3 M3 x 10mm cheese head screws 3 M3 nuts 6 M3 flat washers Where to buy a kit The design copyright for this project is owned by Jaycar Electronics and complete kits of the freestanding version will be available from Jaycar by the time this article appears in print (kit includes the PC board plus all on-board components). Note: the Jaycar kit will be supplied with standard IC sockets instead of machined IC sockets, as used on the prototype. is inverted by IC3b and the interface becomes Smartmouse compatible. If you’ve worked with PIC micros before, you’ll know that apart from power (Vcc) and ground (GND), they also require a clock source to function. This is supplied on the CLK (C3) interface line and is generated by a conventional Pierce oscillator formed by IC2e, a crystal and a few passive components. To ensure compatibility with a wide range of cards and software, the oscillator frequency can be set to either 3.5795MHz (crystal X1) or 6MHz (crystal X2), depending on the position of JP2. IC2d buffers the oscillator out- put and series termination is provided with a 47Ω resistor. Card detection When a card is inserted, it makes physical contact with a switch at the rear of the socket. One side of the switch is connected to ground, while the other is pulled up to +5V with a 10kΩ resistor. When the contacts close, signalling a fully inserted card, a connection to ground is made through the switch, pulling pin 10 of IC1 low. After conversion to RS232 levels by IC1, the Card Detect signal appears on serial port lines CD and CTS. Both lines are driven in order to be compatible with various card applications. Well, that’s all there is to the Phoenix/Smartmouse interface. It’s very similar to the circuitry used in the reader/programmer described last January. Now let’s look at the PIC programming interface, selected when S1 is in the alternative position. PIC programming mode Although this mode utilises the same physical connections to the card as those described above, the electrical characteristics of the signals, as well as their connections to the PC serial port, are quite different. With S1 in the alternative (righthand) position, the board is transformed into a Ludipipo/JDM-compatible PIC programmer. Compatibility with these types of programmers enables us to take advantage of the many free PIC programming software packages available on the Internet. In this mode, only three signals are required: DATA, CLK & MCLR/VPP. As before, data is exchanged over a single interface line, now named “DATA”. However, in this mode, transmission from the PC occurs on the serial port DTR line (CON4, pin 4). The incoming data is first converted to logic levels by IC1 and then inverted by IC3e. A 4.7kΩ resistor provides the necessary isolation before the signal is piped into the card via S1d on the DATA (C7) line. Conversely, outgoing data is first inverted by IC3c and is fed via S1c and a 470Ω resistor to IC1 for level conversion and transmission on the CTS serial line. When in programming mode, PIC micros do not require a conventional clock (oscillator) source. Instead, a signal timed specifically for the prosiliconchip.com.au Fig.2: the complete circuit diagram of the Smart Card Reader/Programmer. Slide switch (S1) is central to its operation, routing signals between the PC’s serial port and the card interface according to the selected mode. gramming sequence must be provided on the RB6 pin. Just to confuse matters, this signal is still referred to as “CLOCK”. siliconchip.com.au The CLOCK signal originates from the serial port RTS line. Once again, IC1 does the level conversion after which the signal is inverted by IC3b and fed to the card via S1a. Vpp generation Many early PIC micros, including July 2003  25 Table 2: Capacitor Codes Value 220nF 100nF 22pF µF Code EIA Code IEC Code 0.22µF 220n 224 0.1µF 100n 104 22pF  22p  22 the PIC16F84(A), must be supplied with a high voltage (12.5V - 13.5V) during programming of the internal Flash and EEPROM memories. Our design uses a unique method of generating this programming voltage (Vpp). The voltage boosting circuitry is based around IC1, a MAX232 RS232 line driver and receiver IC. Of interest is the method that this chip uses to generate the ±10V needed for the RS232 interface. Basically, internal switches combined with four external 1µF capacitors form two charge-pump voltage circuits, one doubling the supply (Vcc) voltage to +10V (nominal) and the other inverting the result to obtain -10V. By adding diodes D2 & D3 and a 1µF capacitor to pin 4, we’ve extended the capability of the chip to create a voltage quadrupling circuit. With the losses across the diodes, as well as the loading imposed by the RS232 drivers and the Vpp regulation circuitry, the result at the cathode of D3 is less than four times the Vcc supply (around 15.6V). However, this is more than adequate for our purpose. Zener diode ZD1 and its 1.5kΩ series resistor form a shunt regulator, ensuring a reliable 13V Vpp supply. We’ve biased the zener with as little current as possible to minimise load- Fig.2: refer to this full-size overlay diagram when assembling the board. Be careful not to install any of the diodes, electrolytic capacitors or ICs in reverse. They must be oriented exactly as shown here. Table 1: Resistor Colour Codes o No. o  1 o  1 o  3 o  1 o  1 o  3 o  2 o  3 o  6 o  1 26  Silicon Chip Value 1MΩ 100kΩ 47kΩ 15kΩ 10kΩ 4.7kΩ 1.5kΩ 1kΩ 470Ω 47Ω 4-Band Code (1%) brown black green brown brown black yellow brown yellow violet orange brown brown green orange brown brown black orange brown yellow violet red brown brown green red brown brown black red brown yellow violet brown brown yellow violet black brown 5-Band Code (1%) brown black black yellow brown brown black black orange brown yellow violet black red brown brown green black red brown brown black black red brown yellow violet black brown brown brown green black brown brown brown black black brown brown yellow violet black black brown yellow violet black gold brown siliconchip.com.au ing on the MAX232. If the add-on circuitry were to draw more than a few mA, it would load down the converter circuitry, lowering the RS232 voltage levels below the specified minimums. During PIC programming and verification, the 13V (nominal) Vpp voltage is switched through to the MCLR/Vpp (C2) line of the card socket with the aid of transistors Q1 & Q2 and their associated bias resistors. The Vpp enable signal originates from the serial port TXD line. It is first converted to logic (0-5V) levels by the 15kΩ & 100kΩ resistors and clamp diodes D4 & D5. Next, it is inverted by IC2f and inverted again by IC2b before driving the base of switching transistor Q2. When Q2 switches on, it pulls Q1’s base towards ground, turning it on and thus switching Vpp through to the card socket (via S1b). A 47kΩ resistor from MCLR/Vpp to ground ensures that the PIC is held in the reset state when the Vpp supply is switched off. Note that the (newer) PIC16F87X and PIC16F62X series micros used in the Silver and Emerald cards do not require high voltage for programming. However, Microchip has retained support for this programming method to ensure backward compatibility. Therefore, this project should be able to successfully program the PICs in all of these cards, given the appropriate software. Read/Write LED LED1 indicates activity on the I/O signal line. Due to the inversion of data between Normal and PIC Programming modes, this LED will either pulse dimly or appear to be mostly on, with a perceptible flicker during data exchange. Power supply When used as a free-standing unit, a 2.5mm DC socket (CON2) accepts power in the 9-12V DC range. This is suitable for connection to a low-cost, 9V DC unregulated plugpack (positive to centre pin). For use with a laptop PC, the unit can also be powered from a 9V battery. The PC board will accept a pair of 1mm pins for connection to the battery leads (see Fig.3). Note that you’ll need to fit an in-line switch, as the current drain is quite high (about 35mA with the siliconchip.com.au The Smart Card Reader/Programmer board connects to a spare serial port on your PC via a standard RS232 cable (D9 male to D9 female). Note that this prototype includes both power sockets (only one normally required). card inserted) and this would quickly exhaust a PP3 battery. When installed in a PC drive bay, 12V DC is sourced from the PC power supply via CON3, which is a disk drive power socket. Regardless of the power source, diode D1 provides reverse polarity protection. A 500mA series fuse is included for safety reasons and will open only in the case of serious failure. Following the fuse, a 100µF capacitor smooths the input before it is applied to a conventional 3-terminal regulator (REG1). All circuit elements are powered from the regulator’s +5V output. In addition, the regulator’s inbuilt current limiting feature, which comes into play at about 140mA, protects the board if a faulty smart card is inserted. Construction All components mount on a single PC board, measuring 141mm x 101mm and coded 07107031. Referring to the overlay diagram in Fig.3, begin by installing all 12 wire links using 0.7mm tinned copper wire or similar. Follow up with all the low-profile components. Resistors first, then diodes (D1-D5, ZD1), transistors (Q1, Q2), regulator (REG1) and capacitors. Note that the diodes must be installed July 2003  27 Silicon Chip Binders REAL VALUE AT $14.95 PLUS P & P Fig.4: to enable the serial/parallel port driver, check the “Enable NT/2000/XP Driver” box (see text). Note that this option is disabled on Windows 9x/Me, as the driver is not needed for these versions of Windows. These binders will protect your copies of S ILICON CHIP. They feature heavy-board covers & are made from a dis­ tinctive 2-tone green vinyl. They hold 12 issues & will look great on your bookshelf. H 80mm internal width H SILICON CHIP logo printed in gold-coloured lettering on spine & cover H Buy five and get them postage free! Price: $A14.95 plus $A10.00 p&p per order. Available only in Aust. Silicon Chip Publications PO Box 139 Collaroy Beach 2097 Fig.5: this is what your hardware settings should look like. You may need to increase the I/O Delay slider by a few points if you get the occasional verify error but start off with the default value of (6). Or call (02) 9939 3295; or fax (02) 9939 2648 & quote your credit card number. Use this handy form Enclosed is my cheque/money order for $________ or please debit my  Visa    Mastercard Card No: _________________________________ Card Expiry Date ____/____ Fig.6: the default values for IC-Prog’s smart card settings. Not all cards support the 6MHz clock rate, so select the “3.58MHz” setting for maximum reliability. Jumper JP2 on the PC board should be set to agree with the frequency selected here. Signature ________________________ Name ____________________________ Address__________________________ __________________ P/code_______ 28  Silicon Chip with the cathode (banded) ends oriented as shown. Orientation of the 10µF and 100µF electrolytic capacitors is important too. Their positive sides must be Fig.7: if you can’t get PIC programming mode to work, IC-Prog’s “Hardware Check” feature might help. Clicking in these boxes toggles the indicated signal lines, providing a very useful fault-finding aid. Fig.8: make sure that there is a tick against the “Smartcard (Phoenix)” option on the Settings menu. aligned as indicated by the “+” symbol on the overlay. The two crystals (X1, X2) can go in next. They mount in a horizontal fashion, so bend the leads at 90° (about 2mm from the body) before installation. After installation, connect the crystal cans to ground by soldering a short length of tinned copper wire to the top of each can and to the pad directly underneath (see photos). Fit the connectors (CON1-CON4), the two 3-way jumper headers (JP1 & JP2) and mode switch (S1) next. Take care to ensure that these components are seated all the way down on the PC board surface before soldering them. Note that it is not necessary to install both CON2 and CON3. If you’ll be mounting the finished project in a PC, install CON3. If you’ll be using it stand-alone, install CON2 instead. Install the two fuse clips next. Note that the small retaining lug on each clip must be positioned to the outer (fuse end) side, otherwise fuse installation will be impossible. The three ICs (IC1-IC3) and the two LEDs (LED1 & LED2) should be installed last of all. The orientation of these devices is very important. Align the “notched” end of the ICs (the pin 1 end) as shown in Fig.3. If you’re building a freestanding unit, you can also install the LEDs now. The flat (cathode) sides should siliconchip.com.au Fig.9: this shot was taken just before we hit the “Write All” button. We’ve selected the correct type of PIC, loaded the .HEX file and double-checked the configuration bits. Note that if the CP (code protect) bit is enabled, it will be impossible to read or verify the PIC after programming. face the smart card socket. If you intend fitting the board in a PC or other enclosure, it’s best to leave the LEDs out until you’ve prepared the front panel and can gauge the required lead length. Testing It’s a good idea to apply power and perform a few quick checks before inserting a smart card, so let’s do that next. Plug in your chosen power source and switch on. No smoke? Good! Set your multimeter to read volts and measure between pins 7 & 14 of both IC2 and IC3. Your meter should read about 5.0V in both cases. For the remaining tests, connect the negative probe of your meter to any handy ground point (say, the anode of D5 or one of the crystal cases). Now measure pin 2 of IC1 with the positive probe. The reading should be about 8.7V or more. Now move to pin 6 of IC1 - expect at least -7.8V here. Next, measure the cathode (banded) end of D3. If all is well, there should be 15.6V or more at this point. Finally, measure at the cathode of ZD1. Assuming that the shunt regulator is doing its job, the Vpp voltage will be pretty close to 13.0V. Housing For a freestanding unit, all you need do is fit four small self-adhesive rubber feet to the underside of the board. Alternatively, the board can be insiliconchip.com.au Fig.10: once the PIC has been successfully programmed, select the 24C16 device from the drop-down menu. The card’s EEPROM should then be fully accessible. stalled in a spare drive bay in your PC. The preferred method is to first mount the board in a 3.5-inch to 5.25-inch plastic disk drive adapter and then fit this into a spare 5.25-inch drive bay, as shown in the photos. If your power supply lacks a spare drive power connector, you can purchase a “Y” cable splitter from most computer outlets (eg. Jaycar Cat. PL0750). The serial port cable can be routed out through any convenient exit point at the rear of the case for connection to a free serial port. We cut down an old 5.25-inch drive blanking plate to fill the hole in the front of the adapter. To save time and effort, you could also use a piece of much thinner plastic or even cardboard for the job. You can photocopy the front panel label in Fig.12 and use it as a template for the hole and slot positions. Installing the software Being compatible with several popular serial port-connected programmers, your new board will work with much of the freely available card software on the Internet. We’ve selected “IC-Prog” for our demo, primarily because it runs on all recent versions of Windows (Win9x/Me and Windows NT/2000/XP) and also because it can program both the PIC and EEPROM in Gold cards. You can obtain the latest version of IC-Prog from www.ic-prog.com Fig.11: this message will appear if IC-Prog can’t talk to the PIC. Assuming that the PIC has been successfully programmed (with the correct loader), it probably means that you haven’t switched modes. It might also mean that the crystal oscillator either isn’t oscillating or is set to 6MHz when it should be 3.58MHz. Also, make sure that the positions of JP1 and JP2 match the complementary settings on the “Smartcard” tab. In all, you’ll need to download three files: the application (icprog105a.zip), the driver for Windows NT/2000/XP (icprog_driver.zip) and the help file (icprog.chm). Note that the filenames will change over time as IC-Prog is improved and updated. Unlike most Windows applications, IC-Prog is not self-installing, so you’ll need to manually create a folder to contain the files. We named ours “C:\IC-Prog”. It’s then just a matter of unzipping the first two files into the new directory, and creating a shortcut on your desktop (or Start menu) to “icprog.exe”. The help file (icprog.chm) should also be saved in this new folder. Installing the port driver For Windows NT/2000/XP users, the serial/parallel port driver should be installed as the next step. Launch IC-Prog (ignore any error messages) and from the main menu select Settings -> Options. Click on July 2003  29 This view shows how the PC board is fitted to a standard 3.5-inch to 5.25-inch drive mounting kit. We cut down an old 5.25-inch drive blanking plate to fill the hole in the front of the adapter. the Misc tab and from the list of displayed options, click on the “Enable NT/2000/XP Driver” check box (do not change any other settings on this tab!). Follow the prompts to restart your machine so that the driver can be installed and started. Note: if the port driver is not properly installed, you will get a “Privileged Instruction” error whenever ICProg attempts to access the serial port. Before use, IC-Prog must be set up to suit the programming hardware. Let’s do that next. Setting up IC-Prog From the main menu, select Settings -> Hardware to bring up the “Hardware Settings” dialog (see Fig.5). Choose “JDM Programmer” as the programmer type and “Direct I/O” as the interface method. You should also select the COM port that you’ll be using with the programmer. No other settings in this dialog should be changed (do not check any of the “invert signal” options!) at this stage. Next, select Settings -> Options and click on the Smartcard tab. From the drop-down list, select the appropriate COM port. If your card is set for Smartmouse compatibility (JP1 pins 2-3 shorted), you should select the “Invert Reset” option. From the remaining settings, choose “Multimac 2.14”, “16F84” and “3.58MHz”. Now click on the OK button to save the settings and close the dialog. Finally, select Settings -> Smartcard (Phoenix). A tick should now appear against this option in the Settings menu, indicating that smart card programming mode is enabled (see Fig.8). Programming the PIC If you’re an old hand at card programming, then you’ll probably have all the necessary files ready to go. In this case, IC-Prog includes a “Card Wizard” feature to enable you to program your card in short order. However, much more flexibility is afforded if we bypass the Wizard and perform each task individually. For blank cards, the first task is to program an operating system (OS) into the PIC micro. This operating system will then enable us to access the oncard EEPROM. This is often referred to as “through-PIC programming”. The operating system can be any generic one that provides full EEPROM access over a Phoenix/Smartmouse-type interface. Various versions are freely available on the Internet and are often called “loaders”, after the fact that they’re sole purpose is to “load” the EEPROM. Not all loaders are created equal. Look for one in Intel HEX file format (.hex or .h8) that is Multimac 2.14 (or later) compatible and targeted for the 16F84. We downloaded our card OS from www.maxking.com/ZIPS/ rb7hex.zip To program the loader into the PIC, select the appropriate PIC device from the drop-down list on the main menu. For Gold cards, choose the PIC16F84A. Next, select File -> Open File and navigate to wherever you unzipped the loader. Double-click on the file to open it, and the contents will appear in the main IC-Prog window. Before you “torch” your card, double-check that the micro configuration bits (displayed on the right side of the main window) are set correctly. The oscillator type should always be set to “XT” for smart cards. For the 16F84(A), the WDT & PWRT bits should be disabled (not checked) unless the loader documentation indicates otherwise. It’s also unlikely that you’ll want the CP (Code Protect) bit enabled. Make sure that the programmer is in PIC programming mode (switch out) and that the power is on. Now insert a blank card (contacts facing down and towards the slot) into the programmer. You should feel it slip all the way home Fig.12: photo-copy this diagram and use it as a drilling & cutting template for the drive bay blanking plate. 30  Silicon Chip siliconchip.com.au with a slight click and the “Card In Place” LED should light. OK – hold your breath and click on the “Program All” button on the toolbar. If all goes well, the PIC will be programmed and then verified successfully. If the verify fails, try erasing the PIC (click on the “Erase All” button) and re-run the programming. Programming the EEPROM Once PIC programming completes successfully, switch the programmer to Phoenix/Smartmouse (normal) mode (switch in). Now select the appropriate EEPROM device from the drop-down list on the main menu. For Gold cards, this is the 24C16 device. At this point, you can read and/or write to the 24C16 EEPROM inside the card. You can read the contents and edit them directly in the IC-Prog window, or load and write whatever data file you desire to the EEPROM. Note: to be able to access the oncard EEPROM, you must have enabled IC-Prog’s smart card programming mode, as described under “Setting up IC-Prog” above. Preventing card damage The smartcard socket specified for this project uses “landing contact” technology. This means that the socket contacts do not touch the contacts on the card until it is almost fully inserted. The advantage of this method is that there is little possibility of power and ground being momentarily connected to the wrong set of pins, as might occur with wiping contacts. It also results in less card wear. However, to further minimise the possibility of damage to the electronic circuitry, it’s important to follow a few simple rules during use. First, before inserting or removing a card, the programming software should be running (but not reading or programming, of course!). This is necessary to ensure that the serial port is in a known state and that all the control lines are properly initialised. Second, do not switch modes when reading or programming is under way. If you find you’ve inadvertently left the mode switch in the wrong position before initiating a read or write, then simply let it complete (no damage will occur) before switching over. Programming other cards Our descriptions have dealt exclusiliconchip.com.au ELAN Audio The Leading Australian Manufacturer of Professional Broadcast Audio Equipment 2 Steel Court South Guildford Western Australia 6055 Phone 08 9277 3500 Fax 08 9478 2266 email poulkirk<at>elan.com.au www.elan.com.au RMA-02 Studio Quality High Power Stereo Monitor Amplifier Designed for Professional Audio Monitoring during Recording and Mastering Sessions The Perfect Power Amplifier for the 'Ultimate' Home Stereo System For Details and Price of the RMA-02 and other Products, Please contact Elan Audio sively with the Gold-type wafer cards. However, this project is capable of reading and programming most PICbased cards. It has been successfully tested with the Emerald (PIC16F628 & 24LC64) and Silver (PIC16F877 & 24LC64) cards. Both of these cards can be programmed with IC-Prog (don’t use the Card Wizard function). However, separate loader programs are required for each of the cards, as the PIC16F84 version (used with the Gold card) will not work with these newer devices. We’re yet to find a source for PIC­ 16F628 & PIC16F877 loaders. Note: this project will not work with any Atmel-based cards, such as the “Fun” card. Now what? Now that you can read and write a smart card, what do you do with it? We found several simple applications, including door access control, identity card, time clocking and PC security at www.maxking.co.uk You can download these free of charge but note that they are only demos and some can be a little “buggy”! If you can program in Visual Basic or C/C++, then you’ll find a well-doc- umented API DLL for Windows at www.gis.co.uk/p75_dl.htm This lib­rary gives full access to the Smart­ mouse interface, considerably easing the programming task. Note that the site lists files for a number of different card readers. This project is compatible with the SM1RS232 model. The files of interest are named “sm12dll.exe” and “usref3_0.pdf”. More information As usual, information on the ISO7816 smart card standard abounds on the Internet. Point your browser to www. google.com and search for “ISO7816”. Microsoft and others are involved in defining standards for smart cards connected to PCs. Check out http:// msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/ dnscard/html/msdn_smart_card.asp and www.pcscworkgroup.com for details. We’ve yet to find applications of a non-commercial nature that have exploited the full potential of these useful little devices. Sadly, much of the information on the Internet is related to card “hacking”. Perhaps you could be one of the first enthusiasts to SC put them to real use! Project Reprints – Limited Back Issues –Limited One-Shots If you’re looking for a project from ELECTRONICS AUSTRALIA, you’ll find it at SILICON CHIP! We can now offer reprints of all projects which have appeared in Electronics Australia, EAT, Electronics Today, ETI or Radio, TV & Hobbies. First search the EA website indexes for the project you want and then call, fax or email us with the details and your credit card details. Reprint cost is $8.80 per article (ie, 2-part projects cost $17.60). SILICON CHIP subscribers receive a 10% discount. We also have limited numbers of EA back issues and special publications. Call for details! visit www.siliconchip.com.au or www.electronicsaustralia.com.au July 2003  31