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By JOHN CLARKE
A Low-Cost 50MHz
Frequency Meter
Featuring a 16-character LCD readout, this
compact 50MHz Frequency Meter can be either
battery-operated or run from a DC plugpack
supply. It’s very accurate and includes autoranging and two different resolution modes.
F
REQUENCY METERS are used
in virtually all areas of electronics and are invaluable for servicing and diagnostics. Among other
things, they are ideal for checking the
operation of oscillators, counters and
signal generators. They can also be
used for servicing RF equipment or to
simply provide an accurate frequency
readout for a function generator.
56 Silicon Chip
This new 50MHz Frequency Meter is autoranging and displays the
frequency in either Hz, kHz or MHz.
This makes the unit easy to read, as it
automatically selects the correct range
for any frequency between 0.1Hz and
50MHz and inserts the decimal point
in the correct place for each reading.
The design is easy to build too, since
it uses a programmed PIC microcon-
troller to do all the clever stuff. Apart
from that, there’s an LCD readout, a
couple of low-cost ICs, two transistors, a 3-terminal regulator and a few
sundry bits and pieces to complete
the design.
Note that although we have specified this Frequency Meter at 50MHz
maximum, most units will be capable
of measuring frequencies somewhat
higher than this. In fact, our proto-type meter was capable of making
frequency measurements to above
64MHz.
LCD readout
A feature of this unit is the use of
a 2-line 16-character Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD) to show the frequency
www.siliconchip.com.au
This view shows the completed PC board for the 50MHz frequency Meter (DSE
version). Note that the BNC input socket is shown soldered directly to the signal
input PC stakes in this photo but this was only done for test purposes. In reality,
this socket is mounted on the side of the case and connected to the signal input
PC stakes on the underside of the board via a short length of 75-ohm coax.
reading. This has several advantages
over LED displays, including much
lower current consumption. This
allows the unit to be operated from
batteries if required.
In addition, the LCD can show all
the units without resorting to the use
of separate annunciators, as would be
required with a LED display.
Resolution modes
Two resolution modes are available:
(1) a low-resolution mode which has
fast updates and is suitable for most
measurements; and (2) a high-resolution mode which can be selected when
greater precision is required.
In the low-resolution mode, the
resolution is 1Hz for frequencies from
1-999Hz and 10Hz for frequencies
above this. The corresponding display
updates time are 1s from 1-999Hz and
200ms from 1kHz-50MHz.
By contrast, the high-resolution
mode provides 1Hz resolution for frequencies from 150Hz-16MHz. Above
16MHz, the resolution reverts to 10Hz.
The display update time is 1s.
Below 150Hz in the high-resolution
mode, the display has 0.1Hz resoluwww.siliconchip.com.au
tion and a nominal 1s update time for
frequencies above 10Hz. This 0.1Hz
resolution makes the unit ideal for
testing loudspeakers, where the resonance frequency needs to be accurately
measured.
Note, however, that the update time
takes longer than 1s for frequencies
below 10Hz.
The two resolution modes are toggled from one to the other by pressing
the Resolution switch. The meter then
displays either “Resolution LOW” or
“Resolution HIGH” to indicate which
mode is currently selected. In addition, the selected resolution mode is
stored in memory and is automatically
selected if the meter is switched off
and on again.
In the low-resolution mode, the
display will show 0Hz if the frequency is below 1Hz. By contrast, in the
high-resolution mode, the display
will show “No Signal” for frequencies
below 0.1Hz.
If the frequency is below 0.5Hz, the
display will initially show an “Await
Signal” indication before displaying
the frequency. If there is no signal, the
display will then show “No Signal”
after about 16.6s.
The 0.1Hz resolution mode for
frequencies below 150Hz oper
ates
in a different manner to those measurements made at 1Hz and 10Hz resolution. Obtaining 0.1Hz resolution
in a conventional frequency meter
normally means measuring the test
frequency over a 10s period. And that
means that the update time is slightly
longer than 10s.
Main Features
•
Compact size (130 x 67 x
44mm)
•
•
8-digit display (LCD)
•
•
•
Two resolution modes
•
•
10Hz resolution above 16MHz
Automatic Hz, kHz or MHz
indicator units
0.1Hz resolution up to 150Hz
1Hz resolution maximum up
to 16MHz
Battery or DC plugpack
supply
November 2003 57
Parts List
1 PC board, code 04110031 for
Dick Smith Electronics version;
or code 04110032 for Altronics
version; or 04110033 for
Jaycar version – 121 x 61mm
1 plastic case, 130 x 67 x 44mm
1 front panel label to suit version,
125 x 64mm
1 LCD module (DSE Cat. Z
4170, Altronics Cat. Z 7000A
or Jaycar Cat QP 5515)
1 SPST toggle switch (S1)
1 pushbutton momentary contact
switch (S2)
1 panel-mount BNC socket
1 low-drift 4MHz crystal (Hy-Q
HC49/U 4000.00kHz GG03E)
(X1)
1 PC-mount 2.5mm DC socket
1 18-pin dual-wipe contact DIP
socket (for IC3)
1 28-pin dual-wipe contact DIP
socket (for DSE & Altronics
LCD modules; see text); OR
1 14-pin dual-wipe contact DIP
socket (for Jaycar LCD module)
4 M3 x 10mm countersunk screws
4 M3 nuts
4 M3 x 6mm cheesehead screws
4 M3 x 10mm tapped Nylon spacers
10 PC stakes
1 300mm length of 0.7mm tinned
copper wire
1 60mm length of 75Ω coax
1 1kΩ horizontal trimpot (code
102) (VR1)
This 10s update time is a very long
time to wait if you are adjusting a signal generator to a precise frequency.
However, in this frequency meter,
the display update period is 1s for
fre
quencies above 10.0Hz, increasing gradually to 10s for frequencies
down to 0.1Hz. So for normal audio
frequencies, the display will update at
1s intervals. Just how this is achieved
is explained below, when we describe
the block diagrams for the unit.
Presentation
As shown in the photos, the 50MHz
Frequency Meter is pre
sented as a
“standalone” unit that’s housed in a
small plastic case. As mentioned, it
can be powered using either a 9-12V
DC plugpack or a 9V battery.
There are just two controls on the
58 Silicon Chip
1 10kΩ horizontal trimpot (code
103) (VR2)
Semiconductors
1 MC10116N triple ECL
differential line receiver (IC1)
1 74HC132 quad Schmitt trigger
(IC2)
1 PIC16F84-04/P microcontroller
programmed with freqency.
hex (IC3)
1 78L05 regulator (REG1)
1 2N5485 N-channel VHF JFET
(Q1)
1 BF450 PNP transistor (Q2)
3 BAW62 diodes (D1-D3)
1 1N4004 1A diode (D4)
Capacitors
2 100µF 16V PC electrolytic
3 10µF 16V PC electrolytic
1 470nF MKT polyester
1 100nF MKT polyester
8 10nF ceramic
1 470pF ceramic; if the LCD
display is incorrect change this
part for a maximum of 2.2nF
1 33pF NP0 ceramic
1 22pF ceramic
1 10-60pF trimmer (VC1)
Resistors (1%, 0.25W)
1 910kΩ
2 2.2kΩ
1 100kΩ
7 470Ω
1 47kΩ
1 330Ω
2 10kΩ
4 100Ω
front panel: an on/off switch and the
“Resolution” pushbutton. In addition,
a DC input socket is mounted at one
end of the box, while the signal input
connects to a panel-mounted BNC
socket on one side.
Alternatively, the unit could be
added to an existing piece of equipment to provide accurate frequency
readout. Its low current requirements
mean that it can usually be connected
to an existing supply rail inside the
equipment.
Block diagrams
Fig.1 shows the general arrangement
of the frequency meter. It’s based mainly on the microcontroller (IC3).
In operation, the input signal is
processed and applied directly to a
divide-by-256 prescaler that’s internal
to IC3. The divided signal then clocks
timer TMR0 which counts up to 256
before clocking Register A.
Register A is an 8-bit register which
counts up to 256 before returning to
zero. Combining all three counters (the
prescaler, TMR0 and register A) allows
the circuit to count up to 24 bits, or a
total of 16,777,216 counts.
By counting over a 1s period, it follows that the unit can make readings
up to about 16.7MHz. However, if the
frequency is counted over a 100ms
period, the theoretical maximum
that can be measured is just over
167MHz.
As shown in Fig.1, the input signal
is first boosted using an amplifier to
a level sufficient to drive gating stage
IC2a. This, in turn, drives clocking
stage IC2b which is controlled by IC3’s
RA3 output. Normally, IC2b allows the
signal to pass through to the prescaler
at IC3’s RA4 input.
IC3’s RB2 output controls gating
stage IC2a so that signal passes through
for either a 100ms period or a 1s period. During the selected period, the
signal frequency is counted using the
prescaler, timer TMR0 and register A.
Initially, the prescaler, the timer and
register A are all cleared to 0 and the
RB2 output is then set to allow the
input signal to pass through to the
prescaler for the gating period (ie, for
100ms or 1s).
During this period, the prescaler
counts the incoming signal applied
to RA4. Each time its count overflows
from 255 to 0, it automatically clocks
timer TMR0 by one count. Similarly,
when ever the timer output overflows
from 255 to 0, it sets a Timer Overflow
Interrupt Flag (TOIF) which in turn
clocks Register A.
At the end of the gating period,
IC3’s RB2 output is cleared, thus stopping any further signal from passing
through to the prescaler. The value of
the count in TMR0 is now transferred
to Register B. Unfortunately, the value
in the prescaler cannot be directly
read by IC3 and so we need to derive
the value.
This is done by first presetting register C with a count of 255. That done,
the RA3 output is taken low to clock
the prescaler and timer TMR0 checked
to see if it’s count has changed. If
TMR0 hasn’t changed, the prescaler
is clocked again with RA3.
During this process, register C is
decreased by 1 each time the prescaler
www.siliconchip.com.au
Fig.1: the block diagram of the 50MHz Frequency Meter for “normal” frequency measurements. The incoming signal
is first amplified, then fed through a gating circuit to clocking stage IC2b. This then drives a divide-by-256 prescaler
inside microcontroller IC3. (ie, at the RA4 input).
Fig.2: this is the alternative configuration for making high-resolution (ie, to 0.1Hz) measurements below 150Hz. In
this case, the input signal is applied to the RA4 input as before. However, the prescaler is no longer clocked by the
RA4 input but by an internal 1MHz clock instead.
is clocked. The process continues,
with RA3 clocking the prescaler until
timer TMR0 changes by one count.
When this happens, it indicates that
the prescaler has reached its maximum count. The value in Register C
will now be the value that was in the
prescaler at the end of the counting
period.
The processing block now reads the
values in registers A, B and C. Based
on this information, it then decides
where to place the decimal point and
whether to show Hz, kHz or MHz.
The required value is then written to
the LCD via the data and control lines
(RB4-RB7 and (RA0-RA2).
Alternative configuration
If the input signal frequency is greater than 16MHz and the gating period is
1s, register A will initially have overflowed. In this case, the gating period
www.siliconchip.com.au
is automatically changed to 100ms.
Alternatively, if the high-resolution
mode is selected and the frequency
is below 150Hz, the frequency meter
changes its configuration to that shown
in Fig.2.
In this case, the input signal is
applied to the RA4 input as before.
However, the prescaler is no longer
clocked by the RA4 input but by an
internal 1MHz clock instead.
Basically, what happens is that the
RA4 input is monitored for a change
in state – ie, from a low voltage to a
high voltage – which indicates a signal
at the input. When this happens, the
prescaler is cleared and begins counting the 1MHz internal clock signal.
The overflows from the prescaler and
timer TMR0 are carried to Register A
as before.
Counting continues until the input
signal goes low and then high again,
at which point counting stops. If the
counting causes register A to overflow, then the display will show no
signal (this will happen after 16.7s if
the signal does not go low and high
again). Conversely, if the counting is
within range, the prescaler value is
determined by clocking IC2b using
the RA3 output as before.
From this, it follows that if the input frequency is 1Hz (ie, a 1s period),
the value in the A, B and C registers
will be 1,000,000. That’s because the
prescaler is clocked at 1MHz for 1s.
Similarly, the count will be 100,000 for
a 10Hz signal and 10,000 for a 100Hz
input signal.
Finally, the value in the registers
is divided into 10,000,000 and the
decimal point placed immediately to
the left of the righthand digit. This
gives a direct readout in Hz with 0.1Hz
resolution on the LCD.
November 2003 59
60 Silicon Chip
www.siliconchip.com.au
* INCREASE VALUE IF LCD
DISPLAY IS INCORRECT,
TO A MAXIMUM OF 2.2nF
Fig.3 (left): the circuit is based on microcontroller IC3. This processes the signals from the preceding amplifier stages and drives the LCD. Power comes
either from a 9-12V DC plugpack or from a 9V battery.
*
Note, however, that this technique
can not be used for measuring very
high frequencies. That’s because the
value in the counter becomes smaller
as the frequency increases and so we
begin to lose accuracy. For example,
at 500Hz, the counted value would be
2000 and at 500.1Hz the counted value
would be 1999. The result of the division of 1999 into 10,000,000 would
be 500.2 instead of the 500.1 required.
The 0.1Hz resolution has therefore
been restricted to a maximum of 150Hz
to ensure accuracy of the calculation.
Circuit details
Refer now to Fig.3 for the full circuit
details. As shown, the input signal is
AC-coupled to the unit via a 470nF capacitor to remove any DC component.
This signal is then clipped to about
0.6V peak-to-peak using diodes D1
& D2, with current limiting provided
by the 100kΩ series resistor. The 22pF
capacitor across the 100kΩ resistor
compensates for the capacitive load
of the diodes.
From there, the signal is fed to the
gate of Q1, a 2N5485 JFET. This transistor provides a high input impedance,
which is necessary to ensure a wide
frequency response.
Q1 is self-biased using a 910kΩ
resistor from gate to ground and a
470Ω source resistor. It operates with
a voltage gain of about 0.7, which
means that the signal is slightly atten
uated at the source. This loss is more
than compensated for in the following
amplifier stages.
Next, the signal is AC-coupled to pin
4 of amplifier stage IC1a via a 100µF
electrolytic capacitor and a parallel
10nF capacitor. The 100µF capacitor
is sufficiently large to allow for a low
frequency response of less than 1Hz.
However, this capacitor loses its effectiveness at higher frequencies due
to its high internal inductance and
the signal is coupled via the 10nF ca
pacitor instead.
IC1a is one of three differential line
receivers in an MC10116N IC package.
It’s biased via the DC output at pin 11
and this is decoupled using a 10µF
electrolytic capacitor and a paralleled
10nF ceramic capacitor. The voltage is
then applied to the wiper of trimpot
VR1 (Offset Adjust) and this allows
adjustment of the input bias voltage.
In operation, IC1a is run open loop
(ie, without feedback) so that it provides as much gain as possible. Even
www.siliconchip.com.au
Specifications
Input sensitivity: Typically less than 20mV rms from 1Hz to 100kHz rising
to 50mV at 20MHz and 85mV at 50MHz.
Input Impedance: 1.1MΩ in parallel with about 10pF
Frequency range: 0.1Hz to 50MHz
Untrimmed accuracy: ±20ppm equivalent to 1000Hz at 50MHz
Trimmed accuracy: ±10ppm from -20°C to 70°C
Resolution: High Resolution Mode – 0.1Hz from 0.1-150Hz; 1Hz from
150Hz-16MHz; and 10Hz from 16-50MHz. Low Resolution Mode –1Hz
from 1-999Hz; 10Hz from 1kHz-50MHz
Update time (approx.): 200ms for 10Hz resolution; 1s for 1Hz resolution;
1s for 0.1Hz resolution down to 10Hz, increasing to 10s at 0.1Hz
Display Units: Hz from 0.1-999Hz; kHz from 1-999.999kHz; MHz from
1-50MHz
Current consumption: 65mA with 9-12V input
so, it only operates with a voltage gain
of about seven times. It’s differential
output signals appear at pins 2 & 3 –
ie, one output is opposite in phase to
the other. These outputs are in turn
applied to the differential inputs (pins
12 & 13) of IC1b.
Note that the differential outputs
have 470Ω pulldown resistors, as they
are open emitters. In fact, the MC10116
IC is an emitter-coupled logic (ECL)
device.
Unlike IC1a, IC1b has negative
feedback and this is provided by the
two associated 100Ω resistors. This
reduces the gain of this stage to just
under two.
The third stage using IC1c differs in
that it employs positive feedback and
so it functions as a Schmitt trigger rather than as an amplifier. Its hysteresis is
around 450mV which means that the
signal swing on its differential inputs
must be greater than this in order for
this stage to provide an output.
In operation, the output swing at
pins 6 & 7 is from 4.3V when high
to 3.4V when low. This needs to be
level-shifted to provide for normal
CMOS input levels to the gating circuit (IC2a) and this is done using PNP
transistor Q2.
It works like this: when pin 6 is high
at 4.3V, Q2’s base is also at 4.3V, which
is just 0.7V below the +5V supply rail.
However, Q2 must have a base voltage
that’s at least 1.2V below the +5V rail
in order to switch on – ie, to overcome
the 0.6V “diode-drop” across D3 plus a
0.6V base-emitter voltage. As a result,
when pin 6 if IC1c is high, Q2 is off
and the 330Ω resistor at Q2’s collector
holds the output low.
Conversely, when pin 6 of IC1c goes
low (3.4V), transistor Q2 turns on and
pulls pin 1 of IC2a high.
IC2a is a Schmitt NAND gate. It
inverts the signal on its pin 1 input
when pin 2 is held at +5V by IC3’s RB2
output (ie, the signal passes through
to the pin 3 output but is inverted).
Conversely, when RB2 is at 0V, IC2a’s
pin 3 output remains high and the
input signal is blocked.
So, in summary, the signal is allowed through to IC2b when RB2 is
high and is blocked when RB2 is low,
as described previously.
IC2b normally has its pin 5 input
held high via IC3’s RA3 output, so that
the signal from IC2a is again inverted
at pin 6. When RB2 is brought low, pin
3 of IC2a remains high and so pin 4 of
IC2b is also high. This allows RA3 to
clock the RA4 input via IC2b.
Driving the LCD
IC3’s RA0-RA2 outputs drive the
control inputs to the LCD module and
select the line and the position of the
character to be displayed. Similarly,
RB4-RB7 drive the data inputs (DB4DB7) on the LCD module. A 470pF
capacitor on the E-bar (enable control
line) is included to slow down the rise
and fall times of the square wave from
IC3, which are nominally too fast for
the LCD module to handle – particularly when the ambient temperature
is well below 25°C.
A 4MHz crystal connected between
pins 15 & 16 of IC3 provides the clock
November 2003 61
either a 9-12V DC plugpack or a 9V battery (but not both). Diode D4 protects
the circuit against reverse polarity
protection when using a plugpack
supply, while regulator REG1 provides
a +5V supply rail to power the circuit.
If a 9V battery is used, it connects to
the cathode side of D4; ie, it bypasses
the reverse polarity protection. This
means that D4 can be left out of circuit
(along with the DC socket) if the unit
is to be battery powered.
Construction
The LCD module is secured to the lid of the case using four M3 x 6mm
cheesehead screws, four M3 nuts and four M3 x 10mm tapped Nylon spacers.
VC1
The PC board is secured by plugging it into the matching header pins on the
LCD module and installing four screws to fasten it to the spacers. Note the
mounting method for VC1 (circled in red).
signals for IC3. The recommended
crystal has low drift but a standard
4MHz crystal could be used if accuracy
is not critical. The capacitors at pins
15 & 16 provide the necessary loading
for the crystal so that runs at the cor-
rect frequency, while VC1 also allows
the clock frequency to be “tweaked”
slightly to provide calibration.
Power supply
Power for the circuit is derived from
The SILICON CHIP 50MHz Frequency Meter can be made in one of three
versions, depending on where you
buy the kit. That’s because the LCD
modules available from Dick Smith
Electronics (DSE), Altronics and Jaycar are all different and so a different
PC board has been designed to suit
each module. These boards are coded
04108031 (DSE), 04108032 (Altronics)
and 04108033 (Jaycar).
Each LCD plugs directly into its
intended PC board, which means that
there are no external wiring connections except to the BNC input socket.
And in case you are wondering, there
are no performance differences between the three versions.
The unit is housed in a plastic case
measuring 130 x 67 x 44mm, with
the LCD module protruding through
a cutout in the front panel. The Dick
Smith version has the power switch
on the righthand side and the signal
input applied to the socket at the top
left of the box.
By contrast, both the Altronics and
the Jaycar versions have the power
switch at the top left, while the input
socket is mounted on the lower right
of the box.
This difference comes about because
the display readout for the DSE LCD
module is upside down compared to
Table 1: Resistor Colour Codes
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
No.
1
1
1
2
2
7
1
4
62 Silicon Chip
Value
910kΩ
100kΩ
47kΩ
10kΩ
2.2kΩ
470Ω
330Ω
100Ω
4-Band Code (1%)
white brown yellow brown
brown black yellow brown
yellow violet orange brown
brown black orange brown
red red red brown
yellow violet brown brown
orange orange brown brown
brown black brown brown
5-Band Code (1%)
white brown black orange brown
brown black black orange brown
yellow violet black red brown
brown black black red brown
red red black brown brown
yellow violet black black brown
orange orange black black brown
brown black black black brown
www.siliconchip.com.au
Table 2: Capacitor Codes
Value µF Code EIA Code IEC Code
470nF 0.47µF
474
470n
100nF 0.1µF
104
100n
10nF 0.01µF
103 10n
470pF 471
470p
33pF - 33 33p
22pF - 22 22p
*
the other two modules in relation to
the input terminals. The unit shown in
the photos is for the DSE version but
both the Altronics and Jaycar modules
were fully tested.
Fig.4 shows the PC board layout
for each of the three versions. Begin
by checking that you have the correct
PC board for the LCD module you are
using. That done, check the mounting holes for the LCD module against
those on the PC board (the holes must
be 3mm in diameter). Check also that
holes are large enough to mount switch
S2 and the DC input socket.
Next, install all the wire links and
resistors, using the accompanying
resistor colour code table as a guide
to selecting each value. It’s also a
good idea to check the resistors with
a digital multimeter just to make sure.
IC1 and IC2 can go in next, taking
care to ensure that they are correctly
oriented. That done, install a socket
for IC3 but don’t install the microcontroller just yet.
The diodes and capacitors can now
all be installed, fol
lowed by REG1
and transistors Q1 & Q2. Note that the
100µF and 10µF capacitors in the Altronics version must be installed with
their bodies parallel to the PC board,
so that they don’t later foul the LCD
module. It’s just a matter of bending
their leads at right angles before installing them on the board.
Similarly, the top of transistor Q2
must be no higher than 10mm above
the PC board to prevent it from interfering with the LCD module (all versions
LCD socket
The next step is to install the socket
for the LCD module. Both the DSE and
Altronics versions use a 28-pin DIL IC
socket which is cut in half to obtain a
14-way strip socket which is then soldered in place. By contrast, the Jaycar
version uses a 14-pin IC socket which
is cut into two 7-way strips which are
www.siliconchip.com.au
* INCREASE VALUE IF LCD DISPLAY IS INCORRECT, TO A MAXIMUM OF 2.2nF
*
*
Fig.4: three different PC boards have been designed to suit the different LCD
modules that are available from DSE, Altronics and Jaycar. Just follow the parts
layout that’s applicable to your version.
then installed side-by-side.
Once the sockets are in, install PC
stakes for the “+” and “-” supply connections (near D4) and for the signal
input and GND connections. These PC
stakes should all be installed from the
copper side of the board.
PC stakes are also used to mount
switch S1. These should be trimmed
so that when the switch is mounted, its
top face is 20mm above the top surface
of the PC board. Be sure to orient S1
with its flat section facing towards the
right, as shown in Fig.4.
The remaining parts can now be
installed on the board. These parts
include switch S2, the DC socket,
trimpots VR1 & VR2, crystal X1 and
November 2003 63
Fig.5: this diagram
shows how the unit
is installed inside the
case. Be sure to use
Nylon spacers where
indicated.
trimmer capacitor VC1.
Note that VC1 is mounted on the
underside of the PC board, so that
it can be adjusted without having to
remove the LCD module.
Front panel
The front panel (ie, the case lid)
must be drilled and a cutout made to
accommodate the two switches and
the display. However, if you have purchased a kit, then you probably won’t
have to worry about this.
If you’re preparing the case yourself,
you can use one of the front panel artworks as a drilling template (see Figs.6
& 7). You can make the display cutout
by first drilling a series of holes around
the inside perimeter of the rectangle,
then knocking out the centre piece and
filing the job to a smooth finish.
It will also be necessary to drill the
mounting holes for the LCD module.
Note that these should be countersunk
so that the intended screws sit flush
with the surface of the lid – see Fig.5.
That done, the adhesive label can be
attached to the panel and the cutouts
made using a utility knife
Kit versions will probably be supplied with screen-printed labelling. In
that case, countersunk screws will no
longer be necessary.
Checkout time
Now for an initial smoke test – ie,
before IC3 or the LCD are plugged in.
First, apply power and check that
there is +5V on pin 16 of IC1, pin 14
of IC2 and pins 4 & 14 of IC3. If this is
correct, disconnect power and install
IC3 in its socket, taking care to ensure
it goes in the right way around. That
done, plug the LCD module into its
64 Silicon Chip
matching socket and temporarily fit a
couple of 10mm tapped Nylon spacers
to support it on the PC board.
Next, reapply the power again and
check that the display shows either
1Hz or 0Hz. If not, adjust VR1 so that
the display shows 0Hz when the signal
input terminals are shorted. VR2 can
then be adjust for best display contrast.
Now press the Resolution switch –
the display should show “Resolution
HIGH”. It should then show “Await
Signal” when the switch is released. If
the switch is then pressed again, the display should show “Resolution LOW”.
Note that, in some cases, it may be
necessary to increase the value of the
470pF capacitor between pin 6 of the
LCD module and ground to get the display to operate. In fact, a value as high
as 2.2nF may be required but note that
this may cause the character preceding
the word “HIGH” when the Resolution
switch is pressed to display a couple
of bars instead of a blank space. The
display will be perfectly normal when
the switch is released.
Final assembly
Refer to Fig.5 for the final assembly
details. As shown, the LCD module, is
secured to the case lid using four M3
x 10mm CSK screws, four M3 nuts
(used as spacers) and four 10mm-long
tapped Nylon spacers. The PC board
is then secured to the bottom ends of
the four spacers.
You will have to drill a 9mm-dia
meter hole in one side of the box to
provide access to the DC socket if you
are powering the unit from a plugpack.
This hole should be positioned midway along one side and about 6mm
down from the top edge of the case.
Conversely, if the unit is to be
battery powered, you will need to
solder a battery clip lead to the supply PC stakes on the underside of the
board. The battery can be secured to
the bottom of the case by mounting
it in a suitable holder. Alternatively,
you could simply wrap the battery in
some insulating material and wedge it
between the PC board and the bottom
of the case.
The BNC input socket is mounted
on one side of the case towards the
base and wired using 75Ω cable to
the two signal input PC stakes on the
underside of the PC board.
Calibration
The completed 50MHz Frequency
Meter can be calibrated against the
15.625kHz line oscillator frequency in
a colour TV set. Fortunately, you don’t
need to remove the back of the set to
do this. Instead, all you have to do is
connect a long insulated wire lead to
the input socket and dangle it near the
back of the TV set.
It’s then just a matter or adjusting VC1
so that the meter reads 15.625kHz when
the resolution is set to “High” mode.
Note: the TV must be showing a
PAL program, not NTSC (15.750kHz).
If there is insufficient adjustment on
VC1 to allow calibration, the 33pF capacitor at pin 15 of IC3 can be altered.
Use a smaller value if the frequency
reading is too high and a larger value
if the frequency reading is too low.
Usually, the next value up or down
from 33pF will be sufficient – ie, use
either 27pF or 39pF.
If you require greater accuracy,
the unit can be calibrated against
the standard 4.43MHz colour burst
www.siliconchip.com.au
frequency that’s trans
mitted with
TV signals. The best place to access
this frequency is right at the colour
burst crystal inside a colour TV set.
This crystal will usually operate at
8.8672375MHz (ie, twice the colour
burst frequency), although some sets
use a 4.43361875MHz crystal.
TV sets can bite
Be warned though: the inside of a
colour TV set is dangerous, so don’t
attempt to do this unless you are an
experienced technician. There are lots
of high voltages floating around inside
a colour TV set and you could easily
electrocute yourself if you don’t know
what you are doing.
In particular, note that much of
the circuitry in a switchmode power
supply circuit (as used in virtually
all late-model TV sets) oper
ates at
mains potential (ie, many of the parts
operate at 240VAC). In addition, the
line output stages in some TV sets also
operate at mains potential – and that’s
in addition to the lethal EHT voltages
that are always present in such stages.
Note too that some TV sets (particularly older Euro
pean models) even
have a “live” chassis, in which all the
circuitry (including the chassis itself)
operates at mains potential. Usually,
there will be a label on the back of the
set advising of this but don’t take it for
granted. Don’t even think of messing
about with this type of set.
In short, don’t attempt the following
calibration procedure unless you are
experienced and know exactly what
you are doing.
OK, assuming that you know what
you are doing (and the set has a
grounded chassis), you will need to
make up an insulated probe with a
10MΩ resistor in series with the input plus a ground lead. This probe
can then be connected to one side
of the colour burst crystal and VC1
adjusted so that the meter reads either
8.867237MHz or 4.433618MHz (res
olution set to high mode).
Make sure that the probe has no
affect on the colour on the TV screen
when it is connected to the colour
burst crystal. If it does, it means that
the probe is loading the crystal and
altering its frequency. In that case,
try connecting the probe to the other
terminal of the crystal.
That’s it – your new 50MHz frequency Meter is now calibrated and ready
SC
for action.
www.siliconchip.com.au
Fig.6: this is the full-size front-panel artwork for the DSE version.
Fig.7: the Altronics and Jaycar versions both use this front panel artwork.
This photo clearly shows the location of the access hole for the DC input socket
for the DSE version. It’s located on the opposite side of the case for the Altronics
and Jaycar versions.
November 2003 65
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