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The Night Keeper Lighthouse
By Andrew Woodfield
The Night Keeper Lighthouse briefly lights up the darkness, to keep
children’s dreams from running aground on dangerous shores. This is
an excellent project for beginners; it’s easy to build, and you will learn
several important aspects of electronic circuit theory.
M
any readers will have children or grandchildren
who from time to time peer enquiringly at electronic parts and gizmos you’re working with on
the bench.
At moments like these, it’s useful to have a simple project available to encourage the next generation to take
up the hobby.
When my grandchildren were planning a visit recently, I was asked if I could help the 8-year-old build
‘something electronic’. Does this sound familiar?
Searching for a suitable circuit suitable for children, it’s essential that they can build it reasonably
quickly, before they lose interest. Equally, it should
be useful enough to gain parental approval.
I have had a blinking light circuit running on the
shelf above my workbench for several years. I built it
while testing some ideas for discrete high-efficiency
boost power supplies. The “rat’s nest” of parts was
built on a scrap of prototype board. These days, I
use it for the occasional end-of-life 1.5V cell. It’s a
simple way to use up the very last whiff of energy
from such near-dead batteries.
Rather than just building a blinking light, I thought
I could make it a little more useful and exciting
with a few simple improvements. First, I designed
a printed circuit board (PCB) to make it easier for
children (and parents, grandparents or caregivers) to build. That PCB allowed me to mimic a
widely recognisable object, and make it more
attractive and interesting.
It also suggested a few other applications,
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Silicon Chip
which will be noted later.
This, then, is the “Night Keeper”.
Building it is well within the capabilities of a bright 10to 12-year-old, or perhaps even younger with some adult
assistance. Since a soldering iron is required, they will need
close adult supervision and a well-ventilated workspace.
A kitchen table with a similar clear workspace of about
one square metre is perfect; cover it with a cloth or
some cardboard to protect the surface.
Circuit description
This simple and well-known oscillator circuit
(shown in Fig.1) consists of two transistors, a white
LED, and a few passive components. It brightly
flashes the LED once every second for many months
from a single 1.5V cell. Even a near-exhausted battery
can power the LED for a month or two.
The two transistors forming the heart of the device
operate as a highly efficient regenerative oscillator.
When power is first applied, the voltage on the base
of Q1 (Va) begins to rise slowly as the 10MΩ resistor
charges the 330nF capacitor from the battery. When
Va reaches about 0.6V, the base-emitter junction of
Q1, which acts much like a silicon diode, becomes
forward-biased and begins to conduct.
Meanwhile, the 10kΩ resistor has quickly charged
the 100µF capacitor to close to the battery voltage.
That’s about 1.5V for a new cell. This produces
a voltage across LED1 (Vc) very close to 1.5V.
However, LED1 cannot light up yet, because
white LEDs need more than 2.5V to operate.
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3.5V
6.3mA
2.8V
5.4mA
2.1V
4.5mA
1.4V
3.6mA
0.7V
2.7mA
0V
SC
NIGHT KEEPER
1.8mA
-0.7V
Fig.1: the Night Keeper uses a two-transistor
oscillator to drive a charge pump based on the 100µ
µF
electrolytic capacitor and the diode junction of white
LED1. Once per second or so, the point labelled “Vc”
will shoot up to around twice the battery voltage
(about 3V), providing enough voltage to light the LED
brightly for a few tens of milliseconds.
0.9mA
-1.4V
0mA
-2.1V
-0.9mA
-2.8V
-1.8mA
-3.5V
-4.2V
4.8s
5.1s
5.4s
5.7s
6.0s
6.3s
6.6s
6.9s
7.2s
7.5s
-2.7mA
7.8s
As soon as Q1 begins to turn on, its increasing base- Fig.2: this simulation shows how the voltages at Va (cyan), Vb
emitter current causes its collector current to rise still (green) and Vc (red) in Fig.1 change over time. Va ramps up, and
faster due to the transistor’s current gain (beta or hFE) then all three voltages suddenly shoot up, at which point the
being greater than unity. In turn, this results in Q2’s current through LED1 (blue) spikes, until the voltages drop and
base-emitter junction starting to conduct too. The the process begins again.
instant Q2 begins to conduct, voltage Vb starts to rise
due to the current passing from Q2’s emitter to its collector. This causes Q2 to abruptly turn off too. The result is Vb
Q2 amplifies Q1’s collector current still further, as a result suddenly falls from 1.5V to 0V. Va, via the 330nF capacitor,
of its own current gain. The increasing voltage Vb causes then drops from 0.5V to -1V.
Va to rise in ‘lock-step’ as the rise is coupled through the
It goes negative because, just before Q1 and Q2 switch
330nF capacitor. This triggers a swift ‘avalanche’ effect off, Va is at around 0.5V while Vb is about 1.5V. So when
through Q1 and Q2, causing them to both switch on fully Vb drops to 0V, that is coupled through the capacitor and
as a result of their combined current gain.
0.5V – 1.5V = -1V.
Consequently, the voltage at Vb rises suddenly and
At this point, the entire cycle begins again. The result is
abruptly up to the full battery voltage, around 1.5V with a very efficient regenerative oscillator which produces a
a new cell. Since Vb is now suddenly at 1.5V, Vc rises in brief, but bright flash from the white LED about once every
‘lock-step’ via the 100µF capacitor to give about 3V at Vc. second or two. This is largely determined by the time the
This is enough to forward-bias LED1, lighting it up. The 330nF capacitor takes to charge from -1V to about 0.6V via
charge stored in the 100µF capacitor is then dumped into the 10MΩ resistor.
LED1, giving a brief bright flash of light.
Note that while the parts list suggests BC54x and BC55x
This process is demonstrated in the simulation traces types, you could also use a 2N3904, 2N2222 or 2SC1815
shown in Fig.2. Va is shown in cyan, Vb in green and Vc in for the NPN transistor; and a 2N3906, 2N2907 or 2SA1015
red. The current through LED1 is in blue. You can see that for the PNP. Almost any pair of NPN and PNP transistors
all three voltages rise rapidly at the same time, coinciding will work, but keep in mind that pinouts can vary.
with the spike in LED1’s current.
While LED1 is lit, the 330nF capacitor keeps Q1 switched Construction
on and in doing so, discharges through its base-emitter
If all of the parts are ready to hand, the Night Keeper
junction. It manages to keep Q1 on for about 30ms. How- should take about an hour or so to build. Expect younger
ever, as soon as Va falls below 0.6V, Q1 begins to turn off. children to take longer. Splitting the build into two parts,
Parts list – Night Keeper Lighthouse
1 PCB, code 08110201, 64 x 91mm
1 BC547, BC548 or BC549 NPN transistor
[Jaycar ZT2154 or Altronics Z1042]
1 BC557, BC558 or BC559 PNP transistor
[Jaycar ZT2164 or Altronics Z1055]
1 5mm white high-brightness LED
[Altronics Z0876E or Jaycar ZD0190]
1 100µF 16V electrolytic capacitor
[Jaycar RE6130 or Altronics R5123]
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1 330nF MKT, ceramic or greencap capacitor
(code 0.33, 330n or 334)
1 PCB-mount AA or AAA cell holder [AA: Altronics S5029 or
Jaycar PH9203; AAA: Altronics S5051; Jaycar PH9261]
Glue or double-sided foam tape to fix cell holder to back of
main PCB
Resistors (all 1/4W, 1% or 5%) (see overleaf for colour codes)
1 10MΩ
Australia’s electronics magazine
1 10kΩ
2 1kΩ
September 2020 69
+
Fig.3: the PCB is made of two parts, the lighthouse itself and
its round base, complete with dangerous rocks! Snap or cut
them apart
before fitting the components where shown here.
Ratherthan attaching the cell holder via wire leads (as
shown here, which you could do), we instead recommend
mounting the holder on the back of the board.
fitting the resistors and capacitors in one brief session and
the remaining parts in a second, makes construction easier
and suits the shorter attention spans of young children
much better.
Completing the project with the addition of the battery
holder and base could be managed in a brief third session.
The Night Keeper Lighthouse is built on a PCB coded
08110201, which measures 64 x 91mm. Before starting,
snap or cut off the circular base from the side of the lighthouse, and file or sand both edges smooth. It’s a good idea
to score along the cut line before snapping it. To do that,
run a sharp knife along the line joining the small ‘mouse
bite’ holes several times.
Set the base aside for now, then refer to the PCB overlay
diagram (Fig.3) and construction guide (Fig.4) to see which
parts need to go where. All of the parts, except for the battery
holder, mount on the top side (the side with the component
outlines and part numbers), with their leads soldered on
the opposite side. The battery holder is mounted the other
way around, and that should be done last.
Begin by fitting the four resistors, which can be identified by the coloured bands as shown. 1% resistors usually
have five bands, while 5% resistors typically have four.
Both possibilities are shown.
Bend the legs of each resistor in turn with a pair of fine
needle-nose pliers or a bending jig, so they neatly fit through
the holes for each component in the PCB. Insert them, one
by one, in turn, spreading the wire leads apart slightly to
hold them in place. They can be fitted either way around.
Turn the PCB over and solder both leads to the pads. Then
trim off the leads flush with the solder joint using a pair
of sharp side-cutters.
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Silicon Chip
Next, fit the 330nF capacitor. It may be either a mylar,
MKT or ceramic type. Then install the electrolytic capacitor,
and solder and trim the leads in the same manner. Make
sure that the longer lead of the electro goes into the pad
marked + on the PCB. The striped side of the can should
be opposite the + symbol.
Now it’s time to fit the two transistors. Q1 is an NPN
transistor while Q2 is a PNP transistor. Each transistor
must be fitted in the correct location. They are generally not
pushed right down on the PCB, but rather, left with leads
sticking out by about 5-10mm. This distance is not critical.
You will probably find it helpful to spread the three leads
of each transistor slightly apart before inserting them into
the PCB, making sure the flat face is orientated as shown.
Once you have pushed the leads through the PCB, spread
them apart a little more on that side to hold them in place
before inverting the PCB to solder them to the PCB. Again,
trim the leads once soldering is completed.
Now mount the white LED at the top of the board. It has
a slight flat edge on one side. The LED should be inserted
so this matches the shape printed on the PCB overlay for
the LED. The longer anode lead will be on the opposite
side to the flat.
Carefully check that all of the parts are correctly located,
and that all of the component leads have been soldered
and trimmed. Check also that there are no solder splashes
which would cause short circuits.
The battery holder can then be mounted on the back of
the PCB. A standard AA cell holder is sufficiently large that
the end of the battery holder allows the lighthouse to sit
it on the edge of a shelf or a book, as shown in the photo.
The battery provides an ideal weight to hold the lighthouse
vertical, useful for tight corners of a bedroom or office.
The wire tails of some battery holders will fit precisely
into the holes provided on the PCB. The positive (+) lead
should go into the hole nearest the top of the PCB, adjacent
to the LED. Other battery holder leads may need to be bent
slightly to fit. Use a pair of needle-nosed pliers to bend the
wires gently into the appropriate shape to fit neatly.
Ideally, space the battery holder off the conductor-side
of the PCB by about 3mm. This provides enough space to
solder the two wire connections of the battery holder to
the correct pads on the rear of the PCB.
Attaching the base
Alternatively, the circular base PCB can be added. This
features a ‘rock-like’ overlay to add to the overall effect, and
allows the Night Keeper to be placed on a flat surface. This
part of the build may require additional adult assistance
to complete – two hands to hold everything in the right
place, the other two to apply solder and the soldering iron.
Begin by briefly soldering two small ‘blobs’ of solder at
each end of the lower tinned edge of the lighthouse PCB.
Place this on the tinned strip located on the upper surface
To join the two PCBs together, first
“tack” them with solder and then
run a bead of solder along the
tinned copper tracks on the PCB. It
won’t let go in a hurry!
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And here’s a side-on view showing the two
boards soldered together and the battery
holder in position. OK, we cheated a bit: we
found that the stiff tinned wire was sufficient
to hold it in place without glue or tape.
You don’t have to solder the main PCB
to the base: the weight of the AA battery
holder will ensure it stays in place
“hanging” over the edge of a bookshelf.
of the circular base PCB. The main PCB
should be approximately central and
vertical on top of the base.
Touch the soldering iron to the two
‘blobs’ of solder to ‘tack’ the two boards
together.
Repeat this if necessary, reapplying
the soldering iron briefly to each tacking point while adjusting the main PCB
slightly, until the main board is precisely
vertical and centred on the base.
Then apply further blobs of solder with
the iron along the join, keeping the two boards
in their final position.
Finally, run the soldering iron down the tack seam to
smooth the join and tidy its appearance.
instead of the AA type. In that case, you
can expect the cell to last closer to six
months. The battery life you achieve
will vary depending on the battery
type (heavy-duty, alkaline etc) and on
its condition when first inserted (new,
slightly used, near-exhausted etc).
Using the Lighthouse
The Night Keeper makes a useful
bright night-light for children. But keep
in mind that flashing lights can disturb sleep, especially if
they’re aimed at one’s face.
Also, because of the brightness of some high-efficiency
white LEDs, the Night Keeper should not be placed where
the LED will shine directly into any young and especially
sensitive eyes. It’s preferable to locate the Night Keeper
lighthouse so that the LED light shines slightly upwards
or at right-angles, perhaps onto an adjacent wall. Such arrangements are generally more effective for use as a night
light anyway.
Older constructors may find, as I did, that the Night
Keeper can be useful for locating things in the night, for
children and adults alike.
Suitably mounted near a door, a light switch or placed on
a shelf, it can help guide your way to a location or around
furniture in the depths of the darkest of nights.
SC
Just like a real lighthouse!
Operation
Have you noticed that there’s no power switch? The
circuit uses such a tiny current, a switch is unnecessary.
The battery life in use is similar to that of the shelf-life of
the battery. A new non-alkaline AA battery can run the
Night Keeper for over a year.
Hopefully, the faces of the new builders will light up
as brightly as the Night Keeper just as soon as they insert
the battery. As soon as the battery is inserted, the circuit
will start to blink.
Note that you could use a AAA battery holder and cell
LED1
White LED
Align flat on LED with PCB overlay
10k resistor, 5% or 1%
Brown - Black - Orange - Gold
or
Brown - Black - Black - Red - Brown
10M resistor, 5% or 1%
Brown - Black - Blue - Gold or
Brown - Blk - Blk - Green - Brown
BATT+
100F electrolytic ‘can’ capacitor
Align longer lead with PCB +
(Stripe on opposite side from +)
1k resistor, 5% or 1%
Brown - Black - Red - Gold
or
Brown - Black - Black - Brown - Brown
+
Q2
BC557 (PNP)
Align shape with PCB overlay
557
330nF MKT capacitor
Fit this capacitor either way
Q1
BC547 (NPN)
Align shape with PCB overlay
1k resistor, 5% or 1%
Brown - Black - Red - Gold
or
Brown - Black - Black - Brown - Brown
BATT-
547
Fig.4: in case it isn’t clear from Fig.3 which part goes
where on the board, here is what each component looks
like. Just follow the arrow to see where it goes. You can
match up the part orientations to the drawings, too; the
five components where orientation matters are LED1, Q1,
Q2, the electrolytic (can-shaped) capacitor and the battery
holder. The rest don’t care which way around they go.
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Australia’s electronics magazine
AA or AAA Cell Holder
Glue or double-sided tape to the OTHER
(copper) side of the PCB
+ (red) lead goes near LED1
- (black) lead goes to ‘Batt-’
September 2020 71
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